對於英語中某些由單一核心動詞構成的單句,漢語需要形成連謂結構才可以編碼與英語核心動詞在真值語義上等值的成分。以“旋轉”“尖叫”這類不具有橫向或縱向位移義甚至不具有運動義的詞為例,在英語中,這類詞可以直接與路徑成分搭配使用,但在漢語中卻必須補充出對應的主要運動動詞,這類詞只能作為運動的附加信息來修飾主要運動動詞。本文以此為切入點考察漢英位移事件句,認為無論英語還是漢語,要表徵一個自移場景,都要求其運動和路徑進行語義整合後能够被整體識解為“趨向運動”語義。英漢語義整合模式差異背後的動因是英語介詞數量多、類型豐富,包括像in這樣的無路徑義的介詞,也包括像across這樣的含有路徑義的介詞,後者補償了非橫（縱）向位移動詞本身所缺乏的路徑。漢語介詞數量較少、類型較單一,缺乏英語中包含路徑義的介詞,只能依靠運動動詞或趨向動詞來補償位移路徑。可以說,當需要對位移路徑進行補償才能够表徵自移事件時,英語依靠含路徑義的介詞,漢語則依靠動詞。
Abstract
In English, a single sentence can be formed with only one core verb, while in Chinese, a serial verb construction is required to encode elements that are semantically equivalent to the English core verb. In English, verbs that involve no horizontal/vertical path, such as swirl, or even verbs that lack the concept of motion, such as roar, can directly enter a sentence when coupled with an element denoting the path. Yet in Chinese, the complement from a main movement verb is required. For example, verbs like xuánzhuǎn ‘swirl’ and hūxiào ‘roar’ can only function as additional elements to modify main movement verbs like fēi ‘fly’ or shǐ ‘drive’. Building on this observation, the present research investigates autonomous motion event sentences in Chinese and English, proposing that in both languages, characterizing an autonomous motion event requires the semantic conflation of its motion and path to express a concept of translational movement. The differences in semantic conflation patterns between Chinese and English can be attributed to the greater number and variety of prepositions in English. Some English prepositions, such as across, encode a directional path, while others, such as in, do not. Prepositions expressing a directional path could compensate for the absence of directional motion in non-horizontal/vertical movement verbs. However, Chinese has far fewer prepositions, and none encode a directional path, making movement verbs or directional path verbs indispensable. This study concludes that when a complement for movement is needed to characterize an autonomous motion event, prepositions expressing path perform this function in English, whereas in Chinese, the role is fulfilled by verbs.
关键词
運動事件 /
詞化模式 /
介詞
Key words
motion event frames /
conflation /
prepositions
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